English Sentences

SENTENCE FORM

•        Sentences is alliane some word wich compose, what consist of subject, predicate, object and boldness, and of have meaning.

•        Sentence based on the structure “

1.    Simple sentences is contains one full subject and predicate. Take the form is :

a.    a statement                                       : He lives in Japan.

b.    a question                                          : where do you come from?

c.    a request                                           : please give me a mango.

d.    an exclamation                                  : how graceful she is !

2.    Compound sentence is contains two or more sentences joined into one by :

a.    Punctuation alone                 : Rina was sick ; she didn’t come to schoo

b.    Punctuation and conjuctive adverb  : Rina was sick ; therefore she didn’t come to school

c.    a coordinate conjunctive adverb ( or , and , but , so ) : Rina was sick , so she didn’t come to school.

3.    Complex sentence is contains one or more dependent or subordinate clauses.

1.    adverbial clause                      : All classes were canceled because the wether was bad.

2.    Adjective clause                      : Children who are under twelve years must be aompained by their parents.

3.    noun clause                             : I can’t understand why you did such a thing.

4.    Compound complex sentence is contains two or more independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.                          : All classes were canceled because the weather was bad , and students were told to listen to the radio to find out when classes would begin again.

SENTENCE PATTERNS

1.    Sentence pattern intransitive verb

a)    S + V

I sleep

b)    S + V + adverbial (1)

He runs quickly

c)    S + V + Adverb (2)

They fly for three hours

2.    Sentence pattern with transitive verb

ª       Transitive one object

ª       S + V + N

She reads book

ª       S + V + pronoun

He calls Rendy

ª       Transitive with two object

ª       S + V + Indirect Object + Direct Obect

My mother sent me the book

ª       S  + V + DO + to/for + IO

Jack gave  a yellow flower to Anita

3.    Sentence pattern with linking verb

ª       Rustan writes a letter

4.    Sentence pattern with prep. Phrase

ª       There + V + N + Adv/Prep.phrase

There are many children in the flower park

SENTENCE ANALYSIS

I. Simple Sentences

A simple sentence is made up of a subject-main verb combination (either or both of which may be compound

A simple sentence can be very short, or it can be quite long.

Example :

1. He made her happy with the gift. [S He] [V made] her happy with the gift.

II. Compound Sentences

A compound sentence is made up of at least two independent clauses joined by a semicolon or by a comma and a coordinating word (words such as and, but, or, so, for,nor, and yet

Example

1.    Many students took this course, but few have completed it.
Many [S students] [V took] this course, * but [S few] [V have completed] it.

III. Complex Sentences

Subordination is the way that English uses to combine clauses to make complex sentences. In this method, one clause is considered more important, i.e. the main idea. One or more additional clauses are added to that main clause. But, these additional clauses are not considered of equal importance -- they are subordinate. The main clause is called an independent clause. The other clause is called a subordinate or a dependent clause. Dependent clauses do not exist on their own. The combination is called a complex sentence.
Example

1)    The book that he bought for his psychology class cost $50.
The [S book] {** that [S he] [V bought] for his psychology class} [V cost] $50.

IV. Compound-Complex Sentences

A compound-complex sentence consists of at least two independent clauses and at least one subordinate clause.

Example
I met a group of tourists, and they asked me where the museum is.
[S I] [V met] a group of tourists, * and [S they] [V asked] me {** where the [S museum] [V is]}

SKIMMING AND SCANNING

Scanning and skimming is known as the way of or strategy of faster reading. The skill of skimming and scanning are very important when you need to read quickly for information.

Scanning means knowing what information you need to find before you read. You have something in your mind, your eyes, then, move quickly to find that particular information. You scan when you are looking for a fact or a detail or a particular vocabulary word. When you are scanning, you don’t have to read every word to answer the questions and don’t have understand every word.

Skimming means reading quickly for general meaning. You skim reading material to find out about topic, the main idea, and generic structure of passage. For this kind of reading, you only want to find out something and don’t want to know and memorize everything you read. In fact, you should leave out everything except a few important words. There are the words that tell you the general idea.

GERUND AND FREE ADJUNCT

a.    Gerund is the –ing from a verb and it is function as a noun

How to use gerund?

1.    Gerund is used as the subject of the sentence

Smooking is her hobby everyday

2.    Used gerund is as the object of sentence

His favorite hobby is swimming

3.    Gerund is used as the object of preposition

I go to school by using motorcycle

4.    Possessive adjective + gerund

I am sorry for my coming late

5.    Prepositional verb+gerund

She tries to telling her story

6.    Prepositional adjective + gerund

She is fond of painting

7.    Prepositional noun + gerund

John has no excuse for dropping out of school

8.    Go+gerund

-    Go fishing                      - go camping

9.    Gerund is used as the object of certain verb

I regret telling her my secret

b.    Free anjunct

1.    It is describes two events that happen in the same time

She comes to the hospital.she brought some fruits

FA : she comes to the hospital bringing some fruits

2.    As the adverb to replace adverbal subclause

As he saw the police, the thief ran away

FA : seeing the police, the thief ran away

PARAGRAPH

A paragraph is a group of related sentences which develops one main idea or one main topic. A good paragraph has five basic elements: a topic, a topic sentence, supporting sentences, unity and coherence,

1)  The Narrative Paragraph

Narrative paragraph is a paragraph describing an event that have plot, setting, characters and conflict but do not have main sentence.

2)  The Descriptive paragraph

Paragraph description is a paragraph that describes something with clear and detailed

3)  Paragraph Arguments

Paragraph argument is a paragraph that proves the truth about something.

4)  Paragraph persuasive

Paragraph persuasive is a paragraph that expresses ideas, thoughts, or opinions of the author with accompanying evidence and facts (true).

5)  Paragraph Exposition

Paragraph of exposition is the essay that presents a number of knowledge or information. The goal, readers get knowledge or information as accurately - he explained.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

Conditional sentence have two parts: the if –clause and the main clause . in the sentence  if  it is rains,I shall stay at home ‘if it rains’ is the if-clause,and’ I shall stay I at home ‘ is the main clause. There are three kinds of conditional sentence. Each kind contains a different pair of tenses. With each type certain variations are possible.

1.      Type 1( present real condition )

A.      The verb in the if-clause is in the present tense,the verb in the main clause is is the future simple. It doesn’t matter which comes first

e.g : The dog will beat you if you pull her tail

B.      Possible variations of the basic form

·         Variation of the main clause

·         Variations of the if-clause

2.      Type 2 ( improbable /present unreal condition)

A.      The verb in the if-clause is in the past tense,the verb in the main clause is in the conditional tense :

B.      Possible variations of the basic form

a.      Variations of the main clause

b.      Variations of the if-clause

3.      Type 3( improbable/past unreal condition)

A.      The verb in the if – clause is in the past perfect tense, the verb in the main clause  is in the perfect conditional.

Possible variations of the basic form.

GENRE (JENIS-JENIS TEKS)

Ü   PROCEDURE

Procedure text is a text to help us do a task or make something.

Ü   RECOUNT

Recount text is a text to tell the readers what happened in the past through a sequence of events. The function of the text is to retell events for  the purpose of informing or entertaining.

Ü   NARRATIVE

Narrative text is a text to amuse or entertain the readers with actual or imaginary experience in different ways. Narrative always deals with some problems which lead to the climax and then turn into a solution to the problem.

Ü   DESCRIPTION

Description text is a text to describe a particular person, place or thing.

Ü   NEWS ITEM

News item text is a text to inform readers or listeners about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.

Ü   REPORT

Report text is a text to describe the way things are (for example: a man -made thing, animals, plants).

Ü   EXPOSITION

Exposition text is a text to give information about of difficult material

Ü   EXPLANATION

Function explanation: To explain the process involved in the formation or working of natural or socio cultural phenomena

Ü   DISCUSSION

Social function discussion: To present information and opinions about more than one side of an issue

üANECDOTE

Anecdote is a text which retells funny and unusual incidents in fact or imagination. Its purpose is to entertain the readers.

COHESION MARKER

Cohesion markers in the English language is In a general sense, they are important words and phrases that signal the underlying flow of thought. They organize a composition by signaling the type, purpose, direction, and pace of upcoming ideas (and, rarely, labelling preceding ones)

1.   Reference

Personal reference

e.g: Two black mice are in the kitchgen

      They are in the kitchen

Demonstrative Reference

2.    Ellipsis

e.g: I like tea, she like coffee

      I like tea,  she coffee

3.    Substitution

One, ones, do, does

e.g: My knife was blunt, I must get sharper one

      you think Jack already knows,  I think Jane does

4.    Conjunction

However, because, and, but, so